The Saavedra Position: A Pawn Beats a Rook

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In 1895 a Spanish priest named Fernando Saavedra spotted something in a published draw analysis that every strong player had missed, and chess got its most celebrated four-piece study. White has a pawn on the sixth against a full rook, and wins.

The king walk. After the pawn steps to the seventh, Black's only resource is checks from behind. The white king descends the board on the b- and c-files, choosing each square so the rook never gains a fork or a clean shot at the pawn. The first step is forced, Kb5 and nothing else, and the later ones are nearly so: one careless square and the rook gives itself for the pawn with a draw.

The stalemate trap. At the bottom of the board Black unveils the real idea: the rook drops to the fourth rank, and if White promotes to a queen, the rook slings itself in front with a check that cannot be declined, leaving a stalemated king in the corner. Half the beauty of the study is that the obvious move is the losing one.

The underpromotion. A rook on c8 threatens an immediate mate on the a-file while declining the stalemate gift. Black's rook must abandon one duty or the other, and the new rook mops up. Underpromotion is not a curiosity here; it is the only promotion that wins, and the tablebase agrees down to the last ply.